Ostatnia aktualizacja:
23/03/2023
| CEFR (poziom) |
Modal verb / IPA (czasownik modalny / wymowa) |
Time (czas) |
Function/Use (funkcja/użycie) |
Example (przykład) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | can /kæn/ (strong); /kən/ (weak) | Present/Future | Ability physical ability / skill | I can speak three foreign languages. She can sing well. |
| A1 | can’t / cannot /kɑːnt; kænt (US)/ | Present/Future | Ability inability | I can’t drive. |
| A1 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Past | Ability ability in the past (general things in positive sentences and with sense verbs) | I could count to ten when I was two years old. |
| A1 | couldn’t / could not /kʊd(ə)nt/ | Past | Ability inability in the past | I couldn’t find a parking space. |
| A1 | must /mʌst/ (strong); /məst/ (weak) | Present/Future | Advice strong advice | You must see the doctor. |
| A1 | ought to /ˈɔːt tuː/ | Present/Future | Advice giving advice | You ought to see the doctor. |
| A1 | should /ʃʊd/ (strong); /ʃəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Advice asking what to do | Should I go now? |
| A1 | should /ʃʊd/ (strong); /ʃəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Advice giving advice | You should see the doctor. |
| A1 | will /wɪl/ | Present/Future | Deciding instant/spontaneous decision | I’ll have the chicken, please. |
| A1 | used to /ˈjuːstə/ | Past | Habits past habits | I used to go to the gym. I didn’t use to like fish. Did you use to have a moustache? |
| A1 | would /wʊd/ | Present/Future | Invitation invitation | Would you like to come for a drink? |
| A1 | don’t have to /dəʊnt hæv tuː/ | Present/Future | Obligation / Necessity lack of obligation | You don’t have to pay because the entrance is free. |
| A1 | have to /hæv tə/ | Present/Future | Obligation / Necessity obligation / necessity | You have to drive on the left in Britain. |
| A1 | must /mʌst/ (strong); /məst/ (weak) | Present/Future | Obligation / Necessity necessity | I must tidy up my room. Must you talk so loud? |
| A1 | will /wɪl/ | Present/Future | Offers offer | I'll carry these bags for you. |
| A1 | ought to /ˈɔːt tuː/ | Present/Future | Opinion opinion | People ought to drive more carefully. |
| A1 | should /ʃʊd/ (strong); /ʃəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Opinion opinion | People should drive more carefully. |
| A1 | must /mʌst/ (strong); /məst/ (weak) | Present/Future | Opinions strong opinions | People must realise that the world is in trouble. |
| A1 | can /kæn/ (strong); /kən/ (weak) | Present/Future | Permission permission | You can leave your bags here. |
| A1 | will /wɪl/ | Present | Prediction certain prediction | I think it will rain tomorrow. I don’t think it’ll snow next week. |
| A1 | can’t / cannot /kænt; ˈkænət/ | Present/Future | Prohibition negative orders | You can’t smoke here. |
| A1 | mustn’t /ˈmʌsənt/ | Present/Future | Prohibition negative orders | You mustn’t smoke here. |
| A1 | will /wɪl/ | Present/Future | Promising promise | I will always love you. |
| A1 | will not / won’t /wɪl nɒt; wəʊnt/ | Present/Future | Refusing things can ‘refuse’ | The car won’t start. |
| A1 | can /kæn/ (strong); /kən/ (weak) | Present/Future | Requests making requests | Can you give me a lift? |
| A1 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Requests making requests (more polite / formal) | Could you give me a lift? Could you possibly give me a lift? (very polite) |
| A1 | must /mʌst/ (strong); /məst/ (weak) | Present/Future | Suggestion strong suggestion | You must not tell them about it. |
| A1 | should /ʃʊd/ (strong); /ʃəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Suggestion suggestion | You shouldn’t park here. |
| A2 | be able to /bi ˈeɪbəl tə/ | Past/Present/Future | Ability ability; also ability in the past (on one occasion instead of ‘could’) | I want to be able to speak English fluently. I’ll be able to pay you next week. |
| A2 | will /wɪl/ | Future | Conditional possible situations in the future (first conditional) | If you come back home early, we’ll have dinner together. |
| A2 | can't /kænt/ | Present/Future | Deduction probability (100%) – certainty that something is impossible | They can’t be at home. Nobody answers the doorbell. |
| A2 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Deduction probability (25%) – presence possibility / we think it is possible that something is true | It could be our neighbour’s dog. (less likely) It could be our neighbour’s dog. (more likely) |
| A2 | may /meɪ/ | Future | Deduction future possibility | I may go to the cinema tonight. |
| A2 | may /meɪ/ | Present | Deduction present possibility | ‘Who’s that?’ ‘I’m not sure. It may be Dave.’ |
| A2 | may /meɪ/ | Present/Future | Deduction probability (50%) – we think it is possible that something is true | It may rain. (=Perhaps it will rain.) |
| A2 | might /maɪt/ | Future | Deduction future (smaller) possibility | I might go to the cinema tonight. |
| A2 | might /maɪt/ | Present | Deduction present (smaller) possibility | Robert may be at home. His girlfriend might be there too. |
| A2 | might /maɪt/ | Present/Future | Deduction probability (25%) – we think it is possible that something is true | It might rain later. |
| A2 | must /mʌst/ (strong); /məst/ (weak) | Present/Future | Deduction probability (100%) – certainty that something is true | This must be Nathan’s car. I can see his briefcase inside. |
| A2 | shall /ʃæl/ (strong); /ʃəl/ (weak) | Present/Future | Offers making offers (polite) | Shall I make you some tea? |
| A2 | can /kæn/ (strong); /kən/ (weak) | Present/Future | Permission asking for permission | Can I use your mobile phone, please? |
| A2 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Permission asking for permission (more polite / formal) | Could I use your mobile phone, please? Could I possibly use your mobile phone, please? (very polite) |
| A2 | may /meɪ/ | Present/Future | Permission permission (very polite / formal / less common) | May I come in? You may ask questions before the exam. You may not leave the room until the exam is finished. |
| A2 | may not /meɪ nɒt/ | Present/Future | Prohibition negative orders (extremely polite / formal) | You may not leave before the end of the exam. |
| A2 | may /meɪ/ | Present/Future | Requests request (more polite / formal) | May I help you, sir? |
| A2 | might /maɪt/ | Present/Future | Requests request (more polite / formal) | Might I have a glass of water? |
| A2 | shall /ʃæl/ (strong); /ʃəl/ (weak) | Present/Future | Suggestion asking what to do / asking for instructions (questions) | Shall I switch the light on? Shall I help you? |
| A2 | shall /ʃæl/ (strong); /ʃəl/ (weak) | Present/Future | Suggestions suggesting (questions) | Shall we go to the cinema tonight? |
| B1–B2 | managed to (do) /ˈmænɪdʒ tuː/ | Past | Ability ability in the past (on one occasion instead of ‘could’) | I managed to finish the project before the deadline. |
| B1–B2 | succeeded in … (doing) /səkˈsiːdɪd ɪn/ | Past | Ability ability in the past (on one occasion instead of ‘could’) | I succeeded in finishing the project before the deadline. |
| B1–B2 | had better /həd ˈbetə/ | Present/Future | Advice giving strong advice including ourselves (on one occasion / colloquial) | You’d better study hard. I’d better not stay any longer; it’s very late. |
| B1–B2 | would /wʊd/ | Present/Future | Advice giving advice (conditional) | I would see the doctor if I were you. |
| B1–B2 | supposed to /səˈpəʊz tə/ | Present | Beliefs beliefs | They’re supposed to be rich. |
| B1–B2 | would /wʊd/ | Past | Conditional hypothetical / unreal situations (third conditional) | I didn’t know you were in hospital, I would have visited you. |
| B1–B2 | would /wʊd/ | Present/Future | Conditional hypothetical situations (second conditional) | I would buy a sports car if I won the lottery. |
| B1–B2 | dare /deə/ | Present/Future | Dare being brave / rude | I dare not ask them. |
| B1–B2 | can /kæn/ (strong); /kən/ (weak) | Present/Future | Deciding deciding now about the future | I can see her tomorrow at 10 in the morning. |
| B1–B2 | supposed to /səˈpəʊz tə/ | Expectations expectations | This stuff is supposed to kill flies. | |
| B1–B2 | will /wɪl/ | Present | Habits annoying habits / typical behaviour (spoken) | The grandma will sit talking about herself for hours. |
| B1–B2 | would /wʊd/ | Past | Habits past habits / typical behaviour in the past | At weekends, when I was a child, we would go on a picnic to the park. |
| B1–B2 | will /wɪl/ | Present/Future | Invitation invitation (spoken) | Will you have some more coffee? |
| B1–B2 | don't need to /dəʊnt niːd tuː/ | Present/Future | Obligation / Necessity lack of obligation / unnecessity | You don't need to pay now. |
| B1–B2 | need to /niːd tuː/ | Present/Future | Obligation / Necessity necessity | You need to pay now. |
| B1–B2 | needn’t /ˈniːdnt/ | Present/Future | Obligation / Necessity lack of obligation / unnecessity | You needn’t pay now. |
| B1–B2 | supposed to /səˈpəʊz tə/ | Present/Future | Obligation / Necessity rules | You’re supposed to start work at 10 in the morning. |
| B1–B2 | can /kæn/ (strong); /kən/ (weak) | Present/Future | Offers offering to do things for people / offering help | Can I carry your bag? I can do it for you if you like. Can I help you? Can we post these letters for you? |
| B1–B2 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Offers offering to do things for people (less definite) | I could repair your car for you, if that would help. |
| B1–B2 | would /wʊd/ | Past/Present/Future | Reported speech indirect speech (past of will) | I told you she wouldn’t agree. |
| C1–C2 | would /wʊd/ | Future | Arrangements making arrangements | Would you be available at 6pm tonight? |
| C1–C2 | can /kæn/ (strong); /kən/ (weak) | Present/Future | Choice suggestion | You can take a bus. |
| C1–C2 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Choice softer suggestion | You could take a train. |
| C1–C2 | shall /ʃæl/ (strong); /ʃəl/ (weak) | Present/Future | Confirmation confirmation / asking for confirmation | I shall be at your office at 4 pm. Shall I order Indian for dinner tonight? |
| C1–C2 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Criticising criticising people for not doing things | You could smile sometimes! |
| C1–C2 | might /maɪt/ | Present/Future | Criticising criticising people for not doing things | You might smile sometimes! |
| C1–C2 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Future | Deduction future possibility | It could rain later. |
| C1–C2 | should /ʃʊd/ (strong); /ʃəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Deduction uncertain prediction | She left an hour ago. She should be home by now. |
| C1–C2 | will /wɪl/ | Present/Future | Deduction probability (100%) – certainty that something is true | There’s somebody at the door. That’ll be Susan. |
| C1–C2 | would /wʊd/ | Present/Future | Deduction probability | They would be in London. |
| C1–C2 | must /mʌst/ (strong); /məst/ (weak) | Present/Future | Obligation / Necessity regulations (more common than ‘have to’) | All drivers must have adequate insurance. |
| C1–C2 | shall /ʃæl/ (strong); /ʃəl/ (weak) | Present/Future | Orders stating an order, law etc (formal) | All payments shall be made in cash. |
| C1–C2 | should /ʃʊd/ (strong); /ʃəd/ (weak) | Present/Future | Orders orders / instructions (more polite instead of ‘must’) | Documents should be sent by the end of the month. |
| C1–C2 | to be to /tuː bi tuː/ | Present/Future | Orders giving orders / telling rules (formal) | You are to be quiet in the classroom. |
| C1–C2 | will /wɪl/ | Present/Future | Orders giving orders | You will stay home all weekend. |
| C1–C2 | be allowed to (do) /bi əˈlaʊd tuː/ | Past | Permission past permission (on one occasion) | Yesterday evening the children were allowed to stay up late to watch TV. |
| C1–C2 | be permitted to (do) /bi pəˈmɪtɪd tuː/ | Present/Future | Permission permission (very formal) | We are not permitted to park here. You will be permitted to enter the site. |
| C1–C2 | could /kʊd/ (strong); /kəd/ (weak) | Past | Permission past permission (general) | When I was a child, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. |
| C1–C2 | might /maɪt/ | Present/Future | Permission permission (extremely polite / unusual) | Might I make a suggestion? |
| C1–C2 | would /wʊd/ | Present/Future | Preferences saying that somebody wants (to do) something (more polite / formal) | Would you prefer the window seat or the aisle? Yes, please, I’d love a tea. I’d rather / sooner stay in tonight. |
| C1–C2 | wouldn’t /wʊdnt/ | Present/Future | Preferences = didn’t wanted to / wasn’t/weren’t willing to (do) | Sorry I’m late. The car wouldn’t start. |
| C1–C2 | not to be to /nɒt tuː bi tuː/ | Present/Future | Prohibition negative orders / telling negative rules (formal) | All staff are not to leave before 4 pm. |
| C1–C2 | would not / wouldn’t /wʊd nɒt; wʊdnt/ | Past | Refusing saying that somebody refused to do something | She wouldn’t give us any money. |
| C1–C2 | will /wɪl/ | Present/Future | Requests making requests (polite) | Will you please answer the phone? |
| C1–C2 | would /wʊd/ | Present/Future | Requests request (less direct / more polite) | Would you come this way, please? Would you help me with this bags? |
| C1–C2 | will /wɪl/ | Present/Future | Threats making threats | If you cheat again, I'll tell the teacher. |
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