Czasowniki z -ing (gerund)

KONSTRUKCJA

1. forma twierdząca
   Czasownik z końcówką -ing (gerund) tworzymy przez dodanie -ing do podstawowej formy czasownika.
   • doing, playing, making, getting

   Odpowiednikiem formy gerund w języku polskim jest rzeczownik odczasownikowy, który zakończony jest zawsze na -ie, np. czytanie, oglądanie, picie.

   Zasady dodawania końcówki -ing
2. forma przecząca
   Formę przeczącą tworzymy przez postawienie partykuły not przed czasownikiem z -ing.
   • not doing, not playing, not making, not getting

UŻYCIE

1. subjects
   Czasownika z końcówką -ing używamy często jako podmiot zdania.
   • Smoking is not allowed in any part of the building.
     Palenie jest zabronione we wszystkich częściach budynku.
2. objects
   Czasownika z końcówką -ing można użyć jako dopełnienie zdania.
   • I love playing the guitar.
     Uwielbiam grać na gitarze.
3. preposition + -ing form
   Czasowniki z końcówką -ing używamy po przyimkach.
   • My dad’s interested in collecting coins.
     He lost his driving licence by driving fast.
4. phrasal verbs + -ing form
   Czasowniki z końcówką -ing używamy po czasownikach frazowych.
   • I gave up smoking three years ago.
     Rzuciłem palenie trzy lata temu.
5. no + -ing form
   Czasowniki z końcówką -ing używamy po określniku no wyrażając zakaz robienia czegoś.
   • No smoking.
     Zakaz palenia.
6. go + -ing form (leisure activities)
   Czasowniki z końcówką -ing używamy często po czasowniku go odnosząc się do różnego rodzaju form spędzania wolnego czasu.
   • go hiking
     go shopping
     go dancing
     go sailing
7. verb + -ing form
   Czasownika z końcówką -ing używamy po wielu czasownikach.
   • I enjoy hiking.
     She suggested going to the mountains.

   Grupa	CEFR	Czasownik	Tłumaczenie	Przykłady
   J [+ doing]	B1	admit (to) doing	przyznawać się	They didn't want to admit (to) breaking the computer.
   J [+ doing]	B1	advise doing	radzić, doradzać	He advised following his instructions.
   J [+ doing]	A2	allow doing	pozwalać, zezwalać na	They don’t allow smoking inside.
   J [+ doing]	B2	avoid doing	unikać czegoś	She avoids drinking alcohol.
   J [+ doing]	B1	can’t help doing	nie móc się powstrzymać przed czymś, nie móc nic poradzić na coś	I can't help thinking about it.
   J [+ doing]	B1	consider doing	rozważać, zastanawiać się nad czymś	My parents are considering buying a new house.
   J [+ doing]	B1	couldn’t help doing	nie móc się powstrzymać przed czymś, nie móc nic poradzić na coś	They couldn’t help laughing when they heard the joke.
   J [+ doing]	C2	defer doing	odkładać, odraczać	I think we should defer making a decision until tomorrow.
   J [+ doing]	B2	delay doing	odwlekać, opóźniać	Some companies often delay paying their bills.
   J [+ doing]	B2	deny doing	zaprzeczać	He denies stealing her bag.
   J [+ doing]	C2	detest doing	nie cierpieć, nienawidzić	I detest getting up early in the morning at the weekend.
   J [+ doing]	B1	dislike doing	nie lubić	I dislike doing housework.
   J [+ doing]	B1	encourage doing	pobudzać	Modern technology encourages multitasking.
   J [+ doing]	A1	enjoy doing	lubić, być zadowolonym z, cieszyć się z	I enjoy hiking.
   J [+ doing]	B1	fancy doing	mieć ochotę (na)	Do you fancy watching a film?
   J [+ doing]	A1	feel like doing	mieć ochotę (na)	I feel like swimming.
   J [+ doing]	A1	finish doing	skończyć	John finished doing his homework.
   J [+ doing]	B2	forbid doing	zabraniać, zakazywać	The order forbids leaving home except for essential activities. Most museums forbid taking photos.
   J [+ doing]	B1	imagine doing	wyobrażać sobie	Imagine doing this all day.
   J [+ doing]	B1	involve doing	wymagać, wiązać się z (czymś)	My new job will involve travelling.
   J [+ doing]	B2	justify doing	usprawiedliwić, wytłumaczyć, uzasadnić	How can we justify spending so much money?
   J [+ doing]	B1	keep doing (= to continue)	ciągle coś robić, nie przestawać czegoś robić	He keeps talking about his work.
   J [+ doing]	A2	mention doing	wspomnieć/wspominać o	She mentioned going shopping on Saturday afternoon.
   J [+ doing]	A2	mind doing	mieć coś naprzeciw lub przeciwko	Do you mind listening to some music?
   J [+ doing]	A2	miss doing	tęsknić za, brakować	She really misses working in her garden.
   J [+ doing]	B2	permit doing	zezwalać na, pozwalać na	They won’t permit entering the country without the negative test result.
   J [+ doing]	B2	postpone doing (= put off)	odkładać	They’ve postponed giving the vaccinations.
   J [+ doing]	A1	practise doing	ćwiczyć, trenować	He needs to practise playing the piano every day.
   J [+ doing]	B2	propose doing (= to suggest; formal)	proponować, sugerować	What do you propose doing?
   J [+ doing]	B2	recall doing	przypominać sobie	I can't recall seeing them at the party.
   J [+ doing]	C2	recollect doing	przypominać sobie, pamiętać	I didn't recollect having seen them in the meeting.
   J [+ doing]	B1	recommend doing	polecać, zalecać	My trainer recommended taking more exercise. The nurse has recommended staying (at) home.
   J [+ doing]	B1	require doing / to be done (passive meaning)	wymagać	Almost all dried beans require soaking before cooking them.
   J [+ doing]	B2	resist doing	opierać się, stawiać opór	I couldn’t resist tasting all those dishes.
   J [+ doing]	B2	risk doing	ryzykować	I didn’t want to risk being late again.
   J [+ doing]	B1	suggest doing	proponować, sugerować	She suggested going to the mountains.
   J [+ doing]	A1	teach doing (referring to lessons or subjects of study)	uczyć (czegoś), prowadzić (zajęcia)	I taught singing in that school.
   J [+ doing]	A2	would mind doing	mieć coś naprzeciw lub przeciwko	I wouldn’t mind going on holiday next week.

8. verb + object + -ing form
   Czasownika z końcówką -ing używamy po niektórych czasownikach z dopełnieniem.
   • He could have the whole audience laughing in a matter of seconds.

   Grupa	CEFR	Czasownik	Tłumaczenie	Przykłady
   K [+ doing]	B1	discover sb doing (= to find)	znaleźć, odnaleźć	The police discovered him hiding inside an old factory.
   K [+ doing]	B1	have sb/sth doing (= cause something to happen or somebody to do something)	powodować coś	He could have the whole audience laughing in a matter of seconds.
   K [+ doing]	B1	keep sb doing (= to make sb do sth)	kazać, trzymać, powstrzymywać	Sorry to keep you waiting.
   K [+ doing]	B1	prevent sb (from) doing	zapobiegać, uniemożliwiać	His condition prevented him (from) returning to Britain.
   K [+ doing]	A1	show sb doing	przedstawiać, pokazywać jak ktoś coś robi	The photo shows a couple holding hands together.
   K [+ doing]	A2	take sb doing (≈ to go somewhere with someone to do sth together)	zabrać kogoś (gdzieś) by coś razem robić	Our mum took us swimming in the pool last weekend.
   K [+ doing]	B1	understand sb doing	rozumieć kogoś	I really can’t understand her behaving this way in such condition.

9. verb + -ing form or to infinitive or (same meaning)
   Po niektórych czasownikach dopuszczalne są dwie formy czasownika – gerund (czasownik z -ing) oraz bezokolicznik z to bez zmiany znaczenia. Stosujemy bezokolicznik z to w przypadku, gdy poprzedzający czasownik jest już z końcówką -ing.

   Grupa	CEFR	Czasownik	Tłumaczenie	Przykłady
   L [+ to do / doing]	B2	bear to do / doing	znosić	I can’t bear to hear that noise. I can’t bear hearing that noise.
   L [+ to do / doing]	A2	begin to do / doing	zaczynać	I began to teach French ten years ago. I began teaching French ten years ago.
   L [+ to do / doing]	B1	bother to do / doing	fatygować się	Don't bother to lay the table. Don't bother laying the table.
   L [+ to do / doing]	C1	cease to do / doing (= to stop)	przerywać, przestawać	I hope they will cease to fight. I hope they will cease fighting.
   L [+ to do / doing]	C1	commence to do / doing (= start; formal)	rozpoczynać	We commence to build the tower next month. We commence building the tower next month.
   L [+ to do / doing]	B1	continue to do / doing	trwać, kontynuować	I will continue to work until I’m seventy. I will continue working until I’m seventy.
   L [+ to do / doing]	B1	intend to do / doing	zamierzać	She doesn’t intend to come here again. She doesn’t intend coming here again.
   L [+ to do / doing]	A1	love to do / doing (AmE only)	lubić, uwielbiać, kochać	I love to play basketball. I love playing basketball.
   L [+ to do / doing]	C1	omit to do / doing (BrE formal)	zapomnieć coś zrobić, nie zrobić czegoś	He omitted to mention when he was arriving. He omitted mentioning when he was arriving.
   L [+ to do / doing]	B2	propose to do / doing (= to intend; formal)	zamierzać coś zrobić	He proposed to go to Australia in two months. He proposed going to Australia in two months. I propose to wait until all the guests have arrived. I propose waiting until all the guests have arrived.
   L [+ to do / doing]	B1	stand to do / doing	znosić, wytrzymywać	He can’t stand living in the city. He can’t stand to live in the city.
   L [+ to do / doing]	A1	start to do / doing	zaczynać	It started to rain a few hours ago. It started raining a few hours ago.

10. verb + -ing form or to infinitive or (different meaning)
    Istnieje grupa czasowników, po których występują dwie formy czasownika – gerund (czasownik z -ing) oraz bezokolicznik z to, ale mają inne znaczenia.

    Grupa	CEFR	Czasownik	Tłumaczenie	Przykłady
    M [+ to do / doing]	B2	deserve to do	zasługiwać	They deserved to win the competition.
    M [+ to do / doing]	B2	deserve doing / to be done (passive meaning)	zasługiwać (na coś)	The series deserves watching.
    M [+ to do / doing]	C2	dread to think (+ to think; phrase, BrE)	strach pomyśleć	I dread to think what they are capable of now.
    M [+ to do / doing]	C2	dread doing	obawiać się, bać się	She dreads seeing them again.
    M [+ to do / doing]	B1	forget to do (= to not remember)	zapominać	She forgot to call her parents.
    M [+ to do / doing]	B1	forget doing (= to not recall)	zapomnieć, nie pamiętać	I’ll never forget going to Australia.
    M [+ to do / doing]	B2	go on to do (= to do or say sth new)	następnie coś zrobić	After the course he went on to become a successful man.
    M [+ to do / doing]	B2	go on doing (= to continue with the same thing)	≈ dalej (coś robić), kontynuować	I can’t go on living in this flat.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A2	hate to do (= to not want to do sth)	nie chcieć czegoś robić	I hate to interrupt you, but it’s urgent.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A2	hate doing (= to not enjoy)	nienawidzić	My daughter hates going to the dentist’s.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	learn to do (referring to the result of the study)	uczyć się	I learned to drive when I was seventeen.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	learn doing (referring to lessons or subjects of study)	uczyć się	She learns cooking at school.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	like to do (= it is a good idea to do something — choices; do something regularly although I don’t necessarily enjoy it — habits))	lubić, chcieć	I like to take the test. I like to have a nap after lunch. She likes to have milk in her coffee. I like to do homework straight after school.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	like doing (= to enjoy; talking about a situation that already exists or existed — enjoyment))	lubić	She likes reading in bed. I liked living in London. He likes playing computer games. They really like reading comics.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	love to do (= would like to do sth)	≈ chciałbym bardzo coś zrobić itp.	When I’m bored, I love to watch funny videos on the internet.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	love doing (= to enjoy)	lubić, uwielbiać, kochać	He loves playing tennis.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A2	mean to do (= to intend to)	zamierzać coś zrobić, chcieć coś zrobić, mieć zamiar coś zrobić	I didn’t mean to hurt you.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A2	mean doing (= to involve)	oznaczać, ≈ wymagać	My new job will mean travelling all over the world.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A2	need to do (= to have to do sth; it is necessary for sb to do sth)	musieć	He needs to study harder if he wants to pass his exam.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A2	need doing / to be done (= sth needs to be done; passive meaning)	wymagać	Your shoes need cleaning.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	prefer to do (= would prefer; to want)	woleć, chcieć	She prefers to live alone rather than share/sharing a flat with other tenants.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	prefer doing (= to like sth more)	woleć	They prefer watching football to playing.
    M [+ to do / doing]	B2	regret to do (= be sorry to; usually used in the present simple with verbs such as inform, say, tell)	ubolewać, żałować, ≈ z przykrością	I regret to inform you that we cannot offer you the job. (formal letter)
    M [+ to do / doing]	B2	regret doing (= feel sorry about)	żałować	Gary regrets saying what he said.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	remember to do (= to not forget)	pamiętać	Did he remember to take his medicine?
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	remember doing (= to recall)	pamiętać	I remember telling you about the football match yesterday.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	stop to do (= to stop temporarily in order to do something else)	zatrzymać się (by coś zrobić)	I stopped to smoke. (= I stopped the car and smoked a cigarette.)
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	stop doing (= to finish)	przestać (coś robić)	I stopped smoking two years ago. (= I no longer smoke. I gave up smoking two years ago.)
    M [+ to do / doing]	A2	try to do (attempt to do something, do one’s best, make an afford to do)	próbować	Try to be quiet at night.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A2	try doing (experiment)	próbować (wypróbować coś jako eksperyment)	Try following a balanced diet!
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	want to do (= wish, need, desire etc.)	chcieć	Olivia wants to buy a new car.
    M [+ to do / doing]	A1	want doing (= need to be done; passive meaning; BrE informal)	wymagać	His bedroom wants cleaning.

11. verb + object + -ing form or bare infinitive (similar meaning)
    Istnieje grupa czasowników z dopełnieniem, po których dopuszczalne są dwie formy czasownika – gerund (czasownik z -ing) oraz bezokolicznik bez to, ale mają trochę inne znaczenia.

    Grupa	CEFR	Czasownik	Tłumaczenie	Przykłady
    O [+ do / doing]	B1	hear sb/sth doing (actions in progress)	słyszeć (jak ktoś coś robił / jak coś się działo)	I heard her singing when I was passing by her bedroom.
    O [+ do / doing]	B1	hear sb/sth do (complete events)	słyszeć (jak ktoś coś zrobił / jak coś się stało)	I heard her sing in several concerts. Did you hear them leave?
    O [+ do / doing]	B1	see sb/sth doing (actions in progress)	widzieć (jak ktoś coś robił / jak coś się działo)	I saw her walking her dog in the morning.
    O [+ do / doing]	B1	see sb/sth do (complete events)	widzieć (jak ktoś coś zrobił / jak coś się stało)	He saw her enter the office.
    O [+ do / doing]	B1	watch sb/sth doing (actions in progress)	obserwować, patrzyć (jak ktoś coś robił / jak coś się działo)	Sue was watching the children shouting and running in the playground.
    O [+ do / doing]	B1	watch sb/sth do (complete events)	obserwować, patrzyć (jak ktoś coś zrobił / jak coś się stało)	My neighbour watched her park her car in front of my house.